ROS started as a personal project of Keenan Wyrobek and Eric Berger while at Stanford, as an attempt to remove the reinventing-the-wheel situation from which robotics was suffering. These two guys were worried about the most common problem of robotics at the time:

• too much time dedicated to re-implementing the software infrastructure required to build complex robotics algorithms (basically, drivers to the sensors and actuators, and communications between different programs inside the same robot)
• too little time dedicated to actually building intelligent robotics programs that were based on that infrastructure.

Even inside the same organization, the re-invention of the drivers and communication systems was re-implemented for each new project. This situation was beautifully expressed by Keenan and Eric in one of their slides used to pitch investors.

In order to attack that problem, Eric and Keenan created a program at Stanford called the Stanford Personal Robotics Program in 2006, with the aim to build a framework that allowed processes to communicate with each other, plus some tools to help create code on top of that. All that framework was supposed to be used to create code for a robot they would also build, the Personal Robot, as a test bed and example to others. They would build 10 of those robots and provide them to universities so that they could develop software based on their framework.

NOTE: People more versed in ROS will recognize the precursors of ROS-comm libraries and the Rviz, rqt_tools and the like of current modern ROS distributions. Also, the Personal Robot was the precursor to the famous PR2 robot.

 

Similar frameworks at the time

The idea of such a system for robotics was not new. Actually, there were some other related projects already available for the robotics community: Player/Stage, one of the most famous in the line of open source, and URBI in the line of proprietary systems. Even Open-R, the system developed by Sony, which powered the early Aibo robots of 1999, was a system created to prevent that problem (a shame that Sony cancelled that project, as they could have become the leaders by now. Ironically, this year, Sony launched a new version of the Aibo robot… which runs ROS inside!). Finally, another similar system developed in Europe was YARP.

Actually, one of the leaders of the Player/Stage research project was Brian Gerkey, who later went to Willow Garage to develop ROS, and is now the CEO of Open Robotics, the company behind the development of ROS at present. On its side, URBI was a professional system led by Jean-Christoph Baillie, which worked very well, but could not compete with  ROS, which was free.

That is an important point to discuss: URBI was (at least) as good as ROS. I used it for many research tasks while doing my Ph.D.: for example, this code about making the Aibo robot walk using neural networks (in 2005!), and making Aibo dance, and do some other tricks. But URBI failed when competing with ROS. URBI had as many tools for debugging, and as much documentation as ROS. So, why did URBI fail against ROS?

The fastest readers will jump to the point that URBI was not free. Actually, it was quite expensive. Was the price what killed URBI? I don’t think so. In my opinion, what killed URBI was the lack of community. It takes some time to build a community, but once you have it, it acts like changing gears. URBI could not build a community because it relied on an (expensive) paid fee. That made it so that only people that could buy it were accessing the framework. That limits the amount of community you can create. It is true that ROS was free. But that is not the reason (many products that are free fail). The reason is that they built a community. Being free was just a strategy to build that community.

Switching gears

While at Stanford, Keenan and Eric received $50k of funding and used it to build a PR robot and a demo of what their actual project was. However, they realized that in order to build a really universal system and to provide those robots to the research groups, they would need additional funding. So they started to pitch investors.

At some point around 2008, Keenan and Eric met with Scott Hassan, investor and the founder of Willow Garage, a research center with a focus on robotics products. Scott found their idea so interesting that he decided to fund it and start a Personal Robotics Program inside Willow Garage with them. The Robot Operating System was born, and the PR2 robot with it. Actually, the ROS project became so important that all the other projects of Willow Garage were discarded and Willow Garage concentrated only on the development and spread of ROS.

Willow Garage takes the lead

ROS was developed at Willow Garage over the course of 6 years, until Willow shut down, back in 2014. During that time, many advancements in the project were made. It was this push during the Willow time that skyrocketed its popularity. It was also during that time that I acknowledged its existence (I started with ROS C-turtle in 2010) and decided to switch from Player/Stage (the framework I was using at that time) to ROS, even if I was in love with Player/Stage (I don’t miss you because ROS is so much better in all aspects… sorry, Player/Stage, it’s not me, it’s you).

In 2009, the first distribution of ROS was released: ROS Mango Tango, also called ROS 0.4. As you can see, the name of the first release had nothing to do with the current naming convention (for unknown reasons to this author). The release 1.0 of that distribution was launched almost a year later in 2010. From that point, the ROS team decided to name the distributions after turtle types. Hence, the following distributions and release dates were done:

• Box Turtle, in 2010
• ROS C-Turtle, in 2010
• Diamond Back, in 2011
• ROS Electric Emys, in 2011
• ROS Fuerte Turtle, in 2012
• ROS Groovy Galapagos, in 2012

Around that time, other events also happened:

1. In 2009, they built a second version of the Personal Robot, the PR2
2. In xxx, they launched ROS Answers, the channel to answer technical questions about ROS.
3. The first edition of the ROSCON was in 2012. The ROSCON became the official yearly conference for ROS developers.
4. In 2010, they built 11 PR2 robots and provided them to 11 universities for robotics software development using ROS (the original idea of Eric and Keenan). At that point, the PR2 robot was for sale, so anybody in the world could buy one (if enough money was available ;-)).
5. Simulation started to become very important. More precisely, 3D simulation. That is why the team decided to incorporate Gazebo, the 3D robotics simulator from the Player/Stage project, into ROS. Gazebo became the default 3D simulator for ROS.

As ROS was evolving, all the metrics of ROS were skyrocketing. The number of repositories, the number of packages provided, and of course, the number of universities using it and of companies putting it into their products.

 

Another important event that increased the size of the ROS community was when, in 2011, Willow Garage announced the release of the Turtlebot robot, the most famous robot for ROS developers. Even if PR2 was the intended robot for testing and developing with ROS, its complexity and high price made it non-viable for most researchers. Instead, the Turtlebot was a simple and cheap robot that allowed anybody to experiment with the basics of robotics and ROS. It quickly became a big hit, and is used even today, in its Turtlebot2 and Turtlebot 3 versions.

In 2013, Willow Garage ‘announced’ that the company would dissolve that year.

I remember when we received the news that Willow Garage was closing. I was working at Pal Robotics at the time. We at Pal Robotics were all very worried. What would happen with ROS? After all, we had changed a lot of our code to be working with ROS. We removed previous libraries like Karto for navigation (Karto is software for robot navigation, which at present is free, but at that time, we had to pay for a license to use it as the main SLAM and path planning algorithms of our robots).

The idea was that the newly created Open Source Robotics Foundation would take the lead in ROS development. And many of the employees were absorbed by Suitable Technologies (one of the spin-offs created from Willow Garage, which ironically does not use ROS for their products ;-)). The customer support for all the PR2 robots was absorbed by another important company, Clearpath Robotics.

Under the Open Source Robotics Foundation umbrella

Under the new legal structure of the OSRF, ROS continued to develop and release new distributions.

• ROS Hydro Medusa, in 2013
• ROS Indigo Igloo, in 2014
• ROS Jade Turtle, in 2015
• ROS Kinetic Kame, in 2016
• ROS Lunar Loggerhead, in 2017
• ROS Melodic Morenia, in 2018

The reports created after each year are publicly available here under the tag ROS Metrics.

Having reached this point, it is important to state that the last distribution of ROS will be released in 2020. It is called ROS Noetic, which will be based on Python 3, instead of Python 2 as all the previous ones were. From that date, no more ROS 1 distributions will be released, and the full development will be taken for ROS 2.

(Update: ROS Noetic Ninjemys has been released on May 23rd, 2020. )

What is ROS 2? Let’s dig in…

ROS 2.0

Around 2015, the deficiencies of ROS for commercial products were manifesting very clearly. Single point of failure (the roscore), lack of security, and no real-time support were some of the main deficiencies that companies argued for not supporting ROS in their products. However, it was clear that, if ROS had to become the standard for robotics, it had to reach the industrial sector with a stronger voice than that of the few pioneer companies already shipping ROS in their products.

In order to overcome that point, the OSRF took the effort to create ROS 2.0.

ROS 2.0 had already reached its fourth distribution in June 2019 with the release of Dashing Diademata.

Recent movements in the ROS ecosystem

• In 2017, the Open Source Robotics Foundation changed its name to Open Robotics, in order to become more of a company than a foundation, even if the foundation branch still exists (some explanation about it can be found in this post and in this interview with Tully Foote).
• Recently, Open Robotics has opened a new facility in Singapore and established a collaboration with the government there for development.
• Local ROS conferences have been launched:
  • ROSCON France
  • ROSCON Japan
• In the last few months, big players like Amazon, Google, and Microsoft have started to show interest in the system, and show support for ROS.

That is definitely a sign that ROS is in good health (I would say in better than ever) and that it has a bright future in front of it. Sure, many problems will arise (like, for example, the current problem of creating a last ROS 1 distribution based on Python 3), but I’m 100% sure that we, and by we I mean the whole ROS community, will solve them and build on them.